Botany - UPSC CSE Optional Syllabus
PAPER - I
Structure and Reproduction/Multiplication of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma; Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and in control of soil and water pollution; Prion and Prion hypothesis.
Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes; Modes of infection and dissemination; Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence; Physiology of Parasitism and Control measures; Fungal toxins; Modelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine.
(2) Cryptogams :
Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes -- structure and reproduction from evolutionary view point; Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and economic importance.
(3) Phanerogams:
Concept of Progymnosperms; Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms; Salient features of Cycada-les, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction; General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales; Geological time scale; Type of fossils and their study techniques.
Angiosperms: Systematics, Anatomy, Embryology, Palynology and Phylogeny.
Taxonomic Hierarchy; International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical Taxonomy and Chemotaxonomy; Evidence from Anatomy, Embryology and Palynology.
Origin and evolution of Angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems of classification of angiosperms; Study of Angiospermic families -- Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Astera-ceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and Orchidaceae.
Stomata and their types; Glandular and Non-Glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth; Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants; Xylem and Phloem differentiation; Wood Anatomy.
Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm -- its development and function; Patterns of embryo development; Poly-embroyony and apomixes; Applications of Palynology; Experimental Embryology including pollen storage and test tube fertilization.
(4) Plant Resource Development :
Domestication and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants; Vavilov’s centres of origin; Plants as sources for food, fodder, spices, fibre, beverages, edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes, latex, cellulose, starch and its products; Perfumery; Importance of Ethno botany in Indian context; Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.
(5) Morphogenesis :
Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation; cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture; Somatic hybrids and Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal variation and its applications; Pollen haploids, embryo rescue methods and their applications.
PAPER - II
Techniques of cell biology; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -- structural and ultra structural details; Structure and function of extracellular matrix [cell wall], membranes cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport; Structure and function of cell organelles [chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes]; Cytoskeleton and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signalling and cell receptors; Signal transduction; Mitosis and meiosis; Molecular basis of cell cycle; Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance; Chromatin organization and packaging of genome; Polytene chromosomes; B-chromosomes--structure, behaviour and significance.
(2) Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution :
Development of genetics; Gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and multiple factors; Incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and crossing over; Methods of gene mapping, including molecular maps [idea of mapping function]; Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance, sex - determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation; Mutations [biochemical and molecular basis]; Cytoplasmic inheritance and Cytoplasmic genes [including genetics of male sterility]. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins; Genetic code and regulation of gene expression; Gene silencing; Multi gene families; Organic evolution-- evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution.
(3) Plant Breeding, Bio-technology, and Bio-statistics :
Methods of plant breeding--- introduction, selection and hybridization [ pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method]; Mutation, Polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding; Use of apomixes in plant breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engineering ---methods of transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects; Development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques - probe, southern blotting, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH. Standard deviation and Co-efficient of Variation [CV]; Tests of significance [z-test, t-test and chi-square test]; Probability and distributions [normal, binomial and Poisson]; Correlation and regression.
(4) Physiology and Bio-chemistry :
Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies; Photosynthesis -- Photochemical reactions; Photophosphorylation and Carbon Fixation pathways; C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanism of phloem transport; Respiration [Anerobic and aerobic, including fermentation] – electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation; Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and energy conservation; Importance of secondary metabolites; Pigments as photoreceptors [Plastidial pigments and Phyto-chrome]; Plant movements; Photoperiodism and flowering, Vernalization, senescence; Growth substances -- their chemical nature, role and applications in Agri- horticulture; Growth indices, Growth movements; Stress physiology [heat, water, metal, salinity]; Fruit and seed physiology; Dormancy, storage and germination of seed; Fruit ripening - its molecular basis and manipulation.
(5) Ecology and Plant Geography :
Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors; Concepts and dynamics of community; Plant succession; Concept of biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control [including phytoremediation]; Plant indicators; Environment [Protection] Act. Forest types of India -- Ecological and economic importance of forests, afforestation, deforestation and social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism, IUCN categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its conservation; Protected Area Network; Convention on Biological Diversity; Farmer's Rights and Intellectual Property Rights; Concept of Sustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles; Global warming and climatic change; Invasive species; Environmental Impact Assessment; Phyto-geographical regions of India.
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